Dominant Western paradigms of the social work profession have largely failed to integrate Aboriginal traditional knowledge and practices on healing and helping. This paper contributes to the promotion of a context- based approach to social work in prison by examining Aboriginality from birth institutional and individual points of view. Drawing on documentary analyses and interviews with Aboriginal women prisoners in Canada, the paper sheds light on the prison's endorsement of a hegemonic vision of Aboriginality, and on social work practitioners' inclination to adhere to it. conversely, we argue that Aboriginal women prisoners negotiate their passage into prison through Aboriginal self- identification configurations that often have little in common with the prison's vision of Aboriginality. Service delivery in prison may be enhanced by considering individual modes of resisting identity- based oppression in prison, and by challenging prisons' master narrative on Aboriginality.